/diy/ - Do It Yourself

There's an old saying that an antenna put up in terrible conditions works better. With winter finally coming to the CONUS and the first "real" northeastern storm on it's way, why not find out?

>>1725995
Are there any HF bands that work better in winter?
I remember from one of the tests that the lack of foliage is an upside, but condition wise, nothing seems to be in out favor during winter.

>>1725994
breaker 19, breaker 19 this here's the swollen prostrate anyone got their ears on? come on!

Is FT8 the go-to for digital, or is it a forced meme?

>>1726131
Honestly thought that was a piss bag for a moment.

>>1725994
Nice pic :)

>>1725994

>>1726210
if youre taking a comparison photo why not have both screens on?

>>1726131
Imagine the smell

Yaesu ft-301d for 200 bucks. Yay or nay?

>>1726207
>>1726210
I'm rooting for this to kill the IC-7300 price, but they're both Icom...

Anyone know why some microwave transistors like https://www.ebay.com/itm/1PCS-BLF7G24LS-140-FET-RF-65V-2-4GHZ-New-High-Power-transistors-9600MHz/123866801803
are so cheap? Are they fake? Is it just because they are produced en mass for base stations? Is there a catch? And how well would they work under their intended frequency range?
And finally, anyone can think of any cool uses for them?

>>1726409
>cool uses
Put them in the freezer for an hour, then see how many you can shove up your fat ass.

>>1725994
Why do you use something that federally mandates that you give everyone your name and home address?

>>1726131
Something has to absorb all those waves

>>1726469
just pirate from your car

>>1726477
>using equipment I paid for
>pirating
the globohomo will stop at nothing to get your shekels, even calling you a pirate for using your own legally purchased hardware.

Good advice though, too many autists sperg out when you suggest doing that. Theyll even track you down and report you for not buying the loicense.

>>1726087
80 and 160 have less noise in the winter. Not just a meme, less lightning in winter means less medium wave noise.
>>1726206
Stole it off the net. I do have a NanoVNA though.
>>1726409
Either fake or second hand pulls from equipment, likely. Digikey wants $70+ each for new ones. They may or may not work as intended.
>>1726469
You mean like a drivers license, or a bank account, or a social security number, or a 4473, or a credit card, or buying packages online....

>>1726497
>You mean like a drivers license
A car can kill people. A 150 watt radio can't.
>or a bank account
That's why crypto was invented. But it should be possible to have a bank account anonymously, I agree.
>or a social security number
If everyone has one then the fact that you have one gives no information about you. And you don't have to say your SSN every 10 minutes when talking with someone on the street.
>or a 4473
Shouldn't exist.
>or a credit card
Same as bank account. Should be possible to do anonymously.
>or buying packages online....
Same as bank account. Should be possible to do anonymously.

>>1726502
And again, with a gun it's very easy to kill people, with a radio, not so much. So a 4473 is more justified than a ham radio license. And then there are private sales and 80% lowers, which don't exist for ham radio. You could argue that a ham radio could be modified to interfere with emergency services, but the radio itself can be bought without a license. Needing a license to use it legally doesn't make it any more illegal to transmit on public service bands.
And sure, radio isn't on the US constitution, but we can agree comms are almost as necessary for a well regulated militia as guns, and way less dangerous. The reason radio is not on the constitution is probably that it didn't exist when the 2nd was written, or it would've been included.

Got my yagi ghettorigged. Was able to kind of pick up AO-73, but was just testing off my balcony, will try for real in the open later. 2m SWR is 2.01, but it's downlink only so don't really care, 70cm is 1.17 at 435MHz.

In the future I'd like to do this with a drill press and something not round. Or just a commercial option.

>>1726497
>You mean like a drivers license, or a bank account, or a social security number, or a 4473, or a credit card, or buying packages online....
That shit has fuckall to do with radio.
OH you mean like on 4chan, right? no? why not? you got nothing to hide right? put your name and address in the address field from now on.

This is how I know youre mentally weak, you just fabricated a false equivalency and tried to pass that off as a justification for licking so many boots.

>>1726524
>>1726510
>>1726502
If it bothers you so much, why not move to one of the countries that don't require a license to broadcast for everyone to hear, or just broadcast anyways and stop bitching about something that's been around longer than you, and will remain after you.

>>1726534
>If it bothers you so much, why not move to one of the countries that don't require a license to broadcast for everyone to hear
Because moving to Somalia just to use a radio without a loicense ain't worth it.
>or just broadcast anyways and stop bitching about something that's been around longer than you, and will remain after you.
Because I'm not a boomer faggot who has been indoctrinated to let the jews fuck him in the ass and ask for more with a smile in his face like a good goy.
For example, just because the fed has been there printing money for more a century and likely will still be there when I die doesn't mean I won't speak out against it. Same for everything else.

>>1726534
>to broadcast for everyone to hear
Heres the real source of the issue.
You're a narcissist, and like all narcissists you want to gate keep the thing that you feel gives you power.

>>1726510
>with a radio, not so much
remember, they said radios are safe. They said they cant harm anyone :)

>>1726540
Then just move to a country without a central bank

>>1726541
Idgaf what you do, just as long as you don't sit there bitching and pretending it's not wrong. It just makes you a whiny twat, if you're not going to do it right, then just do it, and stop bitching. Especially when doing it right is so easy children do it.
>>1726540
It's amazing you can type while taking that much dick.

>>1726561
kek. the boomer is seething

>>1726561
ok boomer. Just dont throw your usual fit when you find out I broadcast without a license.

>>1726580
Fair warning, upset enough people on HF and the boomers WILL figure out where you live. The more you talk, the easier it is for them to find you. Ham radio is the only thing some of those guys have left to live for, and taking down some wanker who felt like jamming convos for fun their #1 fantasy. You do you, but if you get a knock on the door from angy feds, that's your doing.

>>1726591
Thats exactly my point.
Also Ive dealt with enough autism on the internet. I dont need to deal with boomer autism doxing attempts and I have no interest in talking to autistic boomers anyway.
>then why are you in this thread
I asked why they like to use a form of communication that demands they dox themselves in a public database. Nothing else does that and if anything else did that people would flip their shit.
hamautistboomers are the only ones to bend over for that kind of privacy violations and they willingly lick the boot.

>>1726593
I don't get what you need a fucking license for anyway. that shit is gay.

>>1726567
I'm not the one crying over an inability to get 26 multiple choice questions right, zoomzoom.
>>1726580
Are you illiterate too? I literally told you repeatedly to just broadcast without a license. Were you just to busy gargling that nigger cum to read?

>>1726599
Whatever dude. Not gonna bother educating you when you're ass is gonna be underground in a couple years anyway.

>>1726593
>I deal with enough autism
Given you're clearly autistic, I can see why you're tired of dealing with it.

>>1726601
Ok zoomer, have fun at class tomorrow.

>>1726603
>he doesn't want every random he speaks to looking him up and showing up at his house
>clearly autistic
ok boomer

>>1726591
Except the FCC doesn't give a fuck about the ham bands, and the boomers can't do shit other than complain to the FCC. Otherwise all those people transmitting animal noises on 80 meters would've gone broke from buying their radios over and over again after having them confiscated by the FCC.
But in any case better safe than sorry, that's why I said to transmit from a vehicle. Or steal a callsign (no, impersonating a ham is not an additional offense on top of not having a loicense). Or use digital modes (most people will be listening to SSB and won't bother to decode it).

>>1726605
>caring this much about something he doesn't have to follow, if he even owned a radio to begin with
Ok autist

>>1726613
I dont. I came here for an understanding.
Youre the autist that had to start shit because I was questioning the status quo of the system youre fanatically obsessed with. Its fine and all that this is your hobby, Im glad it exists if it makes people happy, but you need to learn how to control your shit. Just because someone asks a basic question, people always get pissy about it.

>>1726593
>I asked why they like to use a form of communication that demands they dox themselves in a public database
For me it's playing with electronics, and the fact that you can communicate with people thousands of kilometers away with no more infrastructure than the radio, a battery and a solar panel has a certain mystique (and radio would be one of the few form of comms/entertainment if SHTF).

>>1726599
>I'm not the one crying over an inability to get 26 multiple choice questions right, zoomzoom.
If the license is about proving you can answer a few multiple choice questions right, why does it have to be linked to your real name?

>>1726618
What is hard to understand about a system of identification on a finite resource used around the world using a system that's fairly standard around the world?

If you don't want to conform to it don't faggot, and FCC isn't going to do shit. Stop autisticly sporting about the most basic communication standards and take your fucking meds.
>>1726621
Because how else would you prove you were able to fulfill a children's exam before shitting up the airwaves (likely right over EMS given you're brain is clearly 80% cum).

>>1726610
There's always stories every year about some guy who got caught. Again it's mostly the worst offenders, and where upset boomer hams already did the legwork- all the FCC (and usually local PD with them) have to do is show up, and they can justify their funding for the next year "keeping the airwaves clean". What you said about digital modes though, you're not wrong. Using low power and hiding in the noise floor, good luck being found. If you want /b though, the CB band is always there.
>>1726593
> Why Bother
I'm an EE and like playing with radios, really. it's basically a permit to experiment at a wide range of frequencies with no one bothering you. Want to build a radar in the S band? go for it. That and it's kinda neat being able to talk to someone on the other side of the world, with less power than a light bulb. It's not magic, but it sometimes feels like it.
>>1726623
This x100.

>>1726623
>Because how else would you prove you were able to fulfill a children's exam before shitting up the airwaves
<schedule the exam
<pay the fee in cash
<take the test
<be given the callsign
At what point is the name required to prove I can pass the exam?
>likely right over EMS given you're brain is clearly 80% cum
How is answer a few multiple option questions a children can answer harder than modding a transceiver to TX in non-ham frequencies?
And how does needing a license to legally TX in ham bands somehow stop people from interfering with EMS if you don't need the license to buy the transceiver?

>>1726625
>There's always stories every year about some guy who got caught.
Or maybe you're full of shit.
>Again it's mostly the worst offenders, and where upset boomer hams already did the legwork- all the FCC (and usually local PD with them) have to do is show up,
For that the hams would have to get out of their cuck shack to actually find the offending station, which is rarely gonna happen.
>and they can justify their funding for the next year "keeping the airwaves clean".
They have more than enough pirate FM stations for that, and they can make their million dollar customers happy at the same time.

Broadcast band FM, that is.

>>1726629
You literally don't know what your talking about. You can google how triangulation works yourself m8. If the boomers can make it to their radios to tell everyone about their latest goiter colonoscopy, they can find out where you live. Simple as.
Thanks for bumping the thread though!

>>1726625
Thanks for the perspective. I can see how it would seem sorta magical. I remember feeling that way about my own autistic passions as a child. Im glad you're flame never burned out. I was going to do EE myself then I lost all passion for life.

>radar in the S band? go for it.
Is that allowed? isnt that basically just jamming a certain frequency the whole time its running?
Wouldn't that have a stupid long range?

>>1726610
>Otherwise all those people transmitting animal noises on 80 meters
what? why?

>>1726623
>What is hard to understand about a system of identification on a finite resource used around the world
Its not used around the world. Just earlier in the thread I was told to move somewhere without standards or loicenses. So in theory anyone could just move there and spam dumbshit all day.
Also nobody gives a fuck about dividing up finite resources in any other field. Usernames and urls are constantly stolen by people making tens of thousands at a time.

>>1726637
Sure. But if you read the regulations, pulse transmissions are very much allowed in the microwave bands; and so is spread spectrum. Given how little commercial gear exists at those frequencies; not only will you probably have it to yourself; but you're both bothering no one and no one will bother you 99% of the time. You're looking at a few Mhz max in a band which can have several hundred Mhz of bandwidth, so it's not like you're monopolizing the space. HF is a different story where you have a lot of people shoved into a tiny piece of RF spectrum "land" and are told to make it work, hence licensing being a thing to begin with.
> Autistic passions
Ham radios not my "autistic" one, but I mean... i'm a nerd, what do you expect?

>>1726634
Triangulation is not magic. You can't find the azimuth of an incoming signal with infinite precision. Unless you're very close to the transmitter, even with good DF equipment, the triangulated position is gonna be off by a few miles. You need to get close to the site to get a precise location.
>>1726625
High power CB is illegal too and you aren't much less likely to get fucked by the FCC than if you pirated ham bands, and nobody is going to care if you use 4 watts or whatever is legal on CB for pirating on ham radio. Only benefit of it is that it'll be much easier to fit a decent antenna onto a vehicle, but that is true of VHF and UHF ham bands too.
>>1726637
No, jamming refers to intentional interference. And most frequencies are unused most of the time anyways.
It wouldn't have a very long range, microwaves are only line of sight. Only HF goes beyond the horizon.

>>1726644
Again, if loicenses are about qualifications and spectral efficiency, why can't I take the test and get a callsign anonymously? Do I get reduced rates if I promise to only use 6 Hz worth of WSPR?

>>1726650
Look, anon- You do you. The tests are already free through laurel, but if you feel a need to play sovereign citizen every time society reminds you it has rules, and writing a name on a form is too hard; I really don't know what to say. Maybe this isn't the place for you.

>>1726656
You are the kind of complacent faggot who got us in the situation we are now, with Joogle and the NSA monitoring every keystroke and face recognition cameras on every street corner "for our safety".

Lads, I'm looking for the cheapest rig that is going to get me transmitting on the HF band. I've been eyeing things like the Kenwood TS-120 and 430s, but maybe y'all know of a radio that is under 200, or potentially 50-150 that is still going to be giving 100W of transmitting power. Going to be putting it on my sailboat and looking to still communicate with my home base across the atlantic.

>>1726674
You'll need more than 100w to get over the Atlantic with any kind of regularity. Furthermore, cheap is the opposite of reliable. And unless you get particularly lucky you won't get anything with 100w output for less than $250.

>>1726674
crawl ebay for anything from the big 3

>>1726676
I'm guessing it doesn't matter that I'll be using my standing rigging to support my antenna, total height will be 54ft above the waterline, so I can have a fullwave antenna.

I did figure that 250 was the bare minimum. I have a VHF radio but not being able to communicate very far is a huge downside. Would I not be able to communicate once a day? I'm just looking to be able to establish regular contact, either on a daily or every other day basis.

>>1726677
Kenwood, Yaesu, and Icom?

>>1726681
Well, the saltwater should help you get farther than you would on the ground, but I don't know. Depends how far you are from the other station. Keep in mind we're in a solar minimum.

>>1726683
I won't be leaving until late May-July, with the trip lasting 80-100 days.

>>1726684
The solar cycle lasts 12 years, so the conditions won't change much by then.
Voice (SSB) is not power efficient. You'll get better mileage with CW (morse code) or JS8 (a digital mode to send text messages).
Here's a comparison between CW and SSB https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t40UO1Trkjk
Here's a comparison between FT8 vs CW (JS8 has a similar performance to FT8, but it's designed for free form text): https://github.com/olgierd/ft8-vs-cw
As you can see if you connect the radio to a computer you have much better chances of getting a message across.

>>1726686
Winlink/Sailmail both use JS8 to communicate right? I was planning on using that, voice wasn't really a priority for me. Watching videos, thanks for the links.

>>1726687
No, they use higher bandwidth protocols that probably would require a signal just as strong as you would need for voice.

>>1726688
The wiki for winlink says it uses standard SSB, as you say.

How poor of an idea would it be to try to moonbounce to communicate?

>>1726171
He wears diapers so no piss bag needed. He is living his hobby

>>1726681
yes, but since you have enough money for a yacht just buy something new. Also dont you need a marine vhf?

>>1726206
>nice post take my upvote xD
>Edit: Thanks for the upvote kind strangers :)

>>1726230
I am sure you wouldnt be able to notice the smell

>>1726469
>Why do you use something that federally mandates that you give everyone your name and home address?
Because thats what a good cuck likes to do

>>1726477
Careful there, people won't respond to you on their walkie talkie if you dont have your call sign ready

>>1726502
Dont try to reason with these cucks

>>1726534
>why not move to one of the countries that don't require a license
Great. Moving to syria so I can play with some boomer memetech

>>1726695
I already have a marine VHF, looking to supplant that with communication that has greater range. I'm looking into getting weather satellite data using SDR and a homebrew helical for my own weather reports off of M2
https://www.rtl-sdr.com/rtl-sdr-tutorial-decoding-meteor-m2-weather-satellite-images-in-real-time-with-an-rtl-sdr/

don't look up who started the license requirement. it might make you angry.

>>1726520

>>1725995
>why not find out?
because its gay

>>1726087

Is Reddit the go-to for digital, or is it a forced meme?

>>1726591
>Fair warning, upset enough people on HF and the boomers WILL figure out where you live.
Which is why this hobby is so cucked.

>>1726595
>that shit is gay
which is exactly why hamsters like it

>>1726690
Moon bounce is highly impractical. You'd probably get better results sticking with your 100 watt HF radio.
There's the Es'hail 2 geostationary satellite, but it only covers Europe and about half of the Atlantic.

>>1726599
>zoomzoom
kill yourself boomer

>>1726634
>Thanks for bumping the thread though!
take this (you) because you seem to need this

>>1726656
fuck off boomer and then kill yourself

>>1726674
baomeme

>>1726706
was it jews?

>>1725994
Nice pic op, call me NZ9WA

>>1726231
go for it

All I wanted to do was to discuss the newest hemorrhoid cream with some boomers but I didnt had my cuck-handle ready when they asked me for it and now they dont answer me anymore

.

>>1726726
؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁ ؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁ ؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁ ؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁ ؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁ ؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁ ؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁ ؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁ ؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁ ؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁ ؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁ ؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁ ؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁ ؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁ ؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁ ؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁ ؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁ ؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁ ؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁ ؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁ ؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁

>>1726727
؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁ ؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁ ؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁ ؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁ ؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁ ؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁ ؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁ ؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁ ؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁ ؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁ ؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁ ؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁ ؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁ ؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁ ؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁ ؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁ ؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁ ؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁ ؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁ ؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁ ؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁ ؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁ ؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁ ؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁ ؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁ ؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁ ؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁ ؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁؁ ؁

>>1726728
௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵

>>1726729
꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄

௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵௵

>>1726731
𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫𒐫

>>1726733

_-_-, _-_, _-_- _-_- - -_, _-_- _-_- _-_ _,, ,-||-, ,-||-, /\\,/\\, ,- _~, -__ /\ -_-/
// , // /, /, ( ~/|| /, /, -/ ) ('||| ) ('||| ) /| || || (' /| / || \, (_ /
||/\\ || || || ( / || || || ~||_< (( |||--)) (( |||--)) || || || (( ||/= /|| / (_ --_
~|| < ~|| ~|| ~|| \/==|| ~|| ~|| || \\ (( |||--)) (( |||--)) ||=|= || (( || \||/- --_ )
||/\\ || || || /_ _|| || || ,/--|| ( / | ) ( / | ) ~|| || || ( / | || \ _/ ))
_-__,\\, _-_, ( -__, ( -__, ( - \\, ( -__, ( -__, _--_-' -____- -____- |, \\,\\, -____- _---_-|, (_-_-

>>1726737
>꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄ ꧄

nice one

>>1726725
There is this boomer walking around in my neighborhood is he trying to triangulate me? what do should i turn myself in to the fcc?

>>1725994
die

>>1726741
he is getting closer

Ham radios are for gay boomers

>>1726935
And that brings you here?

>>1726520
>testing off my balcony
Has anyone had problems with cops?
>>1726674
I paid $210 for my $50 year old Yaesu, Kenwoods can be had for that price as well. I wouldn't get one if it's your only lifeline though. If it's just for fun and entertainment, then you're in the right (teehee) boat.

>>1725994
Why 14.088 MHz is quiet
It's not acceptable

>>1726959
Give it another half hour - hour.

local club isnt doing the new exam (UK). wat do?

>>1726977
Do the old one.

>>1726483
>homosexual

>>1726502
>>1726510
>retards

>>1726524
*tip*

>thread devolves into reddit sperg-fest with zoomers
Fantastic

>>1727011
Great contribution to the thread, anon.

>>1727014
You
are
welcome

>>1726626
>cumbrain answers his own question, but still can't figure it out.
Alright. Done helping you, you're to far gone to figure it out.

>>1726640
It's used everywhere that isn't African and some south American countries. Even Mexico uses a similar system. You'd know this of you would stop sucking nigger dick long enough to use that tiny brain of yours.

>>1727037
Calm down and take your hemorrhoids medication grandpa, I'm sure you'll still be able to do your daily net check-ins from the retirement home

>>1727038
Why are boomers so obsessed with nigger dick?

>>1726955
It probably doesn't help I often shoulder this like a rifle to help with it's weight and stability.

>>1726716
Nah, I'm good with watching you zoomzooms do that all on your own.
Don't forget to see the doctor about your popcorn lung after class.

>>1727061
I don't know, why are you?

>>1727076
\__(:/)__/

>>1727094
Oh sorry officer I was trying to shoot the ISS.

I want to talk to my friend via CB radio but our houses are about 6 miles apart. How high should our antennas be?

The only negative in ham are the report fag, boomer niggers with Stockholm syndrome.

Why doesnt the alt white come up with their own callsign system and operate in parallel to the boomers?

>>1727180
Stratosphere

>>1727196
>>1727188

>>1727201
Okay boomer

>>1727203
>plebbit

>>1727201

>posts facebook and reddit tier memes
>calls people boomers

>>1727078
Youre the one that keeps bringing it up. Everywhere you go you talk about it. People are starting to talk.

>>1725994
Im thinking of making a packet radio BBS. Can i connect it to telnet and dialup as well? I could get more users that way

Boomer ham operators are the modern equivalents of house niggers.

Do I have enough parts for a spark gap transmitter?

>>1727260
Why?

Anyone have ideas to make cases for homebrew equipment? PC PSU cases are nice and the aluminum is very moldable but the downside is it's very hard to weld in any way.

What are these annoyances?

>>1727459
OTH radar

>>1727331
>Anyone have ideas to make cases for homebrew equipment?
Yes

>>1727263
Well yes, but actually no

>>1727461
share them with the class then

>>1727491
Make appropriate size box
Drill holes for connections and switches
Cut hole for screen
Screw together
Take apart
Paint
Re-assemble

>>1727501
What material? How are the sides held together? L braces?

>>1726674
>No one has mentioned HF Marine

https://www.offshoreblue.com/communications/hf-intro.php

>>1727573
>What material?
Metal, wood, plastic, cement, glass, cobb
>How are the sides held together?
Rubber bands, glue, epoxy, nails, screws, brads, welds, tacks, string, mud, starch
>L braces?
Tabs, overlapping panels, internal bracing, external bracing, positive air pressure, shrink wrap

>>1727616
Also: cardboard box and tape

>>1727616
The patricians choice is a solid block of milled aluminum.

I know absolutely nothing about anything except I thought it was cool when the ham nerds did a presentation at the local observatory when I was 10, and got this BaoFeng UV-5R EX https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07FT3LJ77/ since it was on sale black Friday, what should i start reading to get a clue on what to do with this thing

>>1727670

>>1727670
Anon, you need to clear your mind and remember how to be receptive to learning.
>>1727674 is sadly far too true about you.
1. What did you like at the presentation at the observatory?
2. Do you know what the BaoFag is capable of?
3. Have you worked towards a license?
4. What interests you in a radio hobby?
5. What are your other interests?

>Have dusty old chinesium handheld that can broadcast on some HAM frequencies
>still works
>remember old callsign of a dude I was in scouts with
>Can listen in on some popular local channels from atop a nearby mountain

What should I tell the boomers, lads?

>>1727741
I just remembered thinking the idea of amateur radio was cool, and the thing was on sale while I was blowing money.

No clue what it's capable of besides listening to fm and that it has a light on the top, which already makes it worth as an emergency tool imo.

No, haven't even looked at the license, don't plan to do anything but listen right now

Just curious about the hobby and what information and such is broadcast around us all the time

I repair basic electronics (mostly easy reflows/resolders and such for video game cartridges / systems) as a hobby, along with video games and such.

This line intentionally left blank.

>>1727946
>it has a light on the top, which already makes it worth as an emergency tool imo.
>>>/k/
Maybe later you can hit up /out/ on the merits of batoning, too.

>>1726705
>>1726690
>>1726674
Thoughts on this? https://www.ebay.com/itm/KENWOOD-TS-120S-HF-TRANSCEIVER/264535508757?hash=item3d978b8715:g:qa8AAOSw0gVdzdNk

>>1727998
Hey, stop picking on /k/, leave the retard kids alone (and me).
That being said though, /k/ does have an occasional /k/ommunications general, so he's not wrong to send you there. Just be ready for /d/ levels of degeneracy.

>>1728014
looks good for the price

>>1728014
i have something like that as a backup, and im looking to replace it.
i would save your money, i know you want to get on the air as soon as possible, but you will be so much happier in the long run if you save up.
also, i would look at eham and other sites specifically for ham stuff, people can be real scumbags on ebay.

>>1728014
>?hash=item3d978b8715:g:qa8AAOSw0gVdzdNk
monetised post?
looks defect for that price

>>1728044
the defects are listed in the description
if it is what the seller says then it looks like nothing major

>>1728014
I bought a $200 radio.
If it's your first, I say go for it. It sucks to tune and wait for the finals to warm up, and sucks to not have digital filtering and digital modes, but you'll develop good skills and insights.
Plus, screwing up on this will be cheaper than blowing up a $1,000 radio.

>>1728055
You can have digital filtering by connecting the audio out to a computer and using software to process the audio. But that would be pretty useless since he's not doing cw anyway. Same for digital modes. Main disadvantage is you'll manually have to tune the radio rather than have the software do it for you.
You can even get a waterfall display by connecting an rtlsdr to the antenna through a frontend protector.

>>1728035
>>1728040
>>1728044
>>1728050
>>1728055
Thanks lads, I'll be passing it up.
I'm concerned that the marine VHF that came with the boat may crap out, should I pick up a uv-5r and an external antenna + potential amplifier, or grab a BF-F8HP?
Any recommendations for an external antenna and amplifier for the UV-5R if you are recommending that?

>>1728291
You might save a few bucks that way but the main problem with that idea is that Baofengs are known for having a shitty receiver.

>>1728291
>I'm concerned that the marine VHF that came with the boat may crap out, should I pick up a uv-5r
i would never trust my life to those pieces of junk.
i have 5, and only one works correctly

>>1728296
>>1728300

Which cheapo would you recommend, that has readily available aftermarket equipment like that? If a UV-5R isn't going to let me down when I'm stuck on a sandbank, I'd like to keep it as a backup, I'm sure with the 5 mile range I should be able to raise someone, if not, I have my cell-phone. the BF-F8HP boasts 10mi potentially, which is some serious safemode, and supposedly has a nicer receiver.

>>1728301
Another downside to a standalone unit is that the coax running up the mast was damaged when I purchased the boat, so I removed it, and I'll need to run another line up there. It needs to be done, but temporarily a UV-5R will still get me transmitting.

>>1728300
What are the faults on the other 4?

>>1728338
speaker, speaker, volume button, and screen
>>1728301
i would get something waterproof.
>>1728302
coax is a pretty easy fix if its easy to get to.

Anyone tried uBITX? Is it as shitty as it looks?

>>1727616
>welds
You can also solder or braze panels together. I make small enclosures out of copper clad FR4 boards and just solder these together.

>>1727331
>PC PSU cases are nice and the aluminum is very moldable
PC PSU cases are made of thin steel. It's not aluminum.

>>1728291
Get a proper marine VHF radio. If you're navigating waters that require one, a baomeme will not pass inspection.

>>1728302
Seriously, don't rely on a HT rubber duck to get any range.

>>1728672
hes on water, he would get pretty far

>>1728676
If you have an antenna mounted on the body of a vehicle, it will far outperform a rubber duck. Replacing a section of coax is trivial.

>>1728688
i wouldnt replace a section, i would replace the whole run.
the only thing good about the memefeng is he can transmit on maritime frequencies.
but ive hit repeaters many times away, and worked simplex pretty far using an hd1

>>1728689
>times
miles

>>1728689
K, bro.

>>1728693
maybe im misunderstanding, what are you suggesting?

How has DX been lately during the nights?

>>1728688
>>1728689
To clarify on the coax, I already removed all of the old run, it was severely corroded and time to replace it anyway. So I will have to rerun around 50-60ft of coax for the VHF, and probably a second run for the HF. I already have the mast up unfortunately, so I'll just be affixing it to the outside of the mast rather than running it through. I don't have any of the hardware required to do compression fittings, the compression fittings themselves, or the wire on hand, or an antenna really. I did purchase a UV-5R, a 14.5" antenna, and a programming cable for it yesterday as I'd rather have it than not, and I'll be looking further into how well the other VHF works.
>>1728669
The USCG does not require a VHF to be on the water, but they do highly recommend it. I am CG compliant in all other ways, and in the immediate future, am staying within 5-10 miles of the US coastline. Over winter break I'll be sailing up from NC to Norfolk through the ICW, and don't anticipate much interference, or absence of cell tower coverage even if I can't use radio.

>>1728301
Why don't you get one of those Chink mobile VHF radios meant for trucks? They're basically Baomeme guts paired with stronger amplifiers etc. 25w output.

Can't understand why Baofags didn't make an APRS + PSK31 + SSTV toy.

>>1728935
Anything more expensive than a baomeme and I'm going for a marine VHF that can be fully submersed.
>>1728795
is me btw.

>>1729245
You can use the coax for both but you'll need a diplexer and some way of switching between the radios (or just swap it by hand).

>>1729251
The antenna for both will be different, so you would need a duplexer on either end, wouldn't you?

>>1729263
A duplexer it's for transmitting and receiving at the same time. What you want is a diplexer (basically the same thing but with less strict frequency rejection requirements).
You'll need one at the antenna end for sure, the problem is that a second one at the radio end might not be enough to prevent the RF from one radio to damage the other even with the attenuation provided by it. You want something with a relay activated by RF sensing, but I'm not sure what commercially available product might do that. Still depending on the device it probably would be a good idea to use a second diplexer between the radios to prevent lots of RF possibly getting in in the milliseconds before the relay switches.
If you decide to just manually swap the connectors then yeah all you need is a diplexer at the antenna end.

>>1728963
Probably because the development of the firmware would cost too much.

Look at his ad! look at how fucking exciting it is, those police are after some criminal and you can hear it on your SW radio... oh, no you can't because the police mostly stopped transmitting below 30mhz in the 40's.

Ok but that fucking super sabre now that's some exciting shit you can here pilots talk to each other while they shoot down commies... no, no you can't do that either the air force is on vhf frequencies in the 50's. SHIT!

OK OK those fucking drug lords, or contras or coffee farmers with grenades in columbia! Fuck yeah some action now! no no, fucking third world revolutionaries don't have radios at that time. They certainly weren't transmitting play-by-plays of jungle battles, and it would have been in spanish so... FUCK YOU!

well that leaves a fucking ship sinking in the north fucking atlantic! fuck yeah! nope.. while they did use shortwave on boats all you would hear is the SOS calls and maybe some search and rescue. but not anything while the boats SINKING because people on sinking boats are getting off the boat as fast as they can, not chatting with your happy ass.

That kids face kinda says it all... HEY wait a minute! I can't hear any of this shit. I wasted $47.50 ($520 in todays money) on this shitty S-38 radio just to hear some boring ass mother fuckers talking about the weather and signal strength SHEEEEIIIIT!

Maybe someday they will invent a 6 meter radio and I can hear the same boring conversations over repeaters YEAH! that's the ticket!

>>1729382
Kek. To be fair at that time most long range comms were indeed on HF.

Guys I have an idea. The reason data rate is limited by SNR is that you can't know whether a given frequency is activated by the transmitter, or just by random background noise, until you have captured it long enough to know that the random background noise couldn't have caused it, right? So how about transmitting, say, 1 second on and 1 second off, or some other more pre-arranged complex pattern known at both ends, and then comparing the on and off spectral power averages on that frequency bin to determine whether it's the result of the transmitter or background noise? You could even use the transmitter during that dead time to transmit on some other frequency. Is there any modulation scheme using this idea already?
I know it's kinda like spread spectrum but the difference is spread spectrum is at the waveform level, and what I'm proposing is at the spectrum waterfall level. And spread spectrum doesn't leave any dead time to compare against when trying to determine a bit.

Here comes page 2 FUCK YEAH SCIENCE BITCHES!

AUSTRALIA, FUCKING OUTERSPACE MAN! I have the weirdest boner right now!

Page 3!
RAM IT IN ME! I CAN HEAR YODELERS IN SWEDEN! WEATHER STATIONS
WWV! OMGZG!!~!1
I just came!

Page 4
STATION LISTINGS FINALLY! I'ma smoke a cig!

>>1729402
Take your meds.

>>1729382
>>1729404
>>1729405
>>1729406
Bipolar anon strikes again

you guys make this into such a cringe boomer thread its embarassing

>>1729417
How would you make it a trendy zoomer thread then? Some mesh networking stuff?

At what point should I say 'good enough'?

>>1729435
Too high. Add some more length of coax.

>>1729435
You need to take your SWR readings (at least) somewhere in your transmit range. Nearly all your readings are totally outside the bands. Also, forget about trying to have 6m as part of a multi-band HF antenna.

>>1729447
That's with 85-ish feet of DMR-400.
Out of curiosity, I took measures at the antenna and 7.02 was 1.43:1 and 50.3 was 1.17:1

I was trimming the different frequencies (vertical wire) to meet the goal frequency, but thought I'd stop and ask how close is close enough?
It's interesting the SWR goes up in the middle frequencies. More radials?
>>1729462
Gotcha, so more trimming until the most resonant freq (second column) is at least in the band, if not at my goal despite that Ill be using a tuner.

>>1729435
> Using the NanoVNASaver program is much easier than manual analysis.
> If you're going to do it manually, narrow your stimulus START and STOP values to the band edges you're trying to analyze. Ex, 80 meters is 3.5 - 4.0 Mhz
> See OP post SWR chart for what is considered "good"
> All antennas are compromises and no single system will give you perfect SWR on every frequency.
Give this a read:
http://www.hamuniverse.com/wc7iswr.html
You can probably tweak it more, but given you're <2:1 across all bands, for a single antenna this is pretty great. I'd try operating and see how you get out.

Icom accessories are retardedly expensive

does anyone know if the mic cable for their mobile radios (in this case an 2730a) are just RJ45? I can get an RJ45 extension for $10, compared to the $50+ they want for theirs

>>1729513
how to into slowscan? does everyone just do it with an SDR these days?

>>1729528
No, you can do it with a normal radio and a sound card interface.

>>1729489
I appreciate the link, that's going to take me a good day to absorb, but should be worthwhile.
This 'HamRadioConcepts' video leaves me with a different understanding of a tuner - it's not the magical device I was thinking it was, ie it won't morph the antenna into what you actually want it to be, it'll only trick the radio
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pdOEiML2XGk

I'll take a look at the software, manually doing it has been a pain.
I trimmed my wires again and got closer to the desired range, but SWR has increased in some sections. Still a little more trimming to go.
I have made contact up to 4,000 miles away, so hopefully I've got something working in my favor.

>>1729489
>NanoVNASaver
Ahhhhhh, thank you.

>>1729552
He's not correct. The function of an antenna tuner is adapting the impedance of your signal (generally by increasing its voltage and reducing its potential current) to the generally higher impedance of an antenna that has a different impedance than what the signal needs to see to deliver maximum power. If the function of an antenna tuner was dissipating the unused power then it'd be made of resistors, not inductors and capacitors. You can actually make an antenna "tuner" this way (with resistors), but the mismatch is then solved by dissipating the difference as heat rather than transforming the impedances.

>>1729568
I appreciate it - guess there can be bad avenues when finding paths to learn.
From his video, my takeaway was the tuner in essence was no more than a surge protector - not allowing the reflected power back to the transceiver.
Your explanation is more in line with what my understanding was and makes more sense and is more reasonable given the g5rv and random wire are accepted antenna.
The power meter is picking up the reflected power and then sending it forward
>Because a transmitter doesn't absorb reflected power, it re-reflects it, the reflected power ends up being added to the transmitter's power. That is why you see 105 watts

>>1729568
That's one function of an antenna tuner (also ununs). The other one is harvesting the energy from the reflected wave and pumping it back into the forward signal. That's why he sees the SWR between the tuner and the antenna not change, because up to that point the energy is still propagating back and hasn't been harvested by the internal antenna tuner to be fed back into the antenna.
Ideally you want the tuning to be happening at the base of the antenna, because if you do it at the radio you are transmitting through a mismatched transmission line. Besides power loss, this also distorts your signal, although probably not enough to matter for ham radio purposes.
A nice noob friendly video on this is https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I9m2w4DgeVk, but this impedance and transmission line stuff gets complicated fast.
That's why you shouldn't watch e-celebs expecting any real info and not just oversimplified and "controversial" clickbait for retards.
And that's why I say the vast majority of hams only know how to press buttons or move knobs until the number labeled "SWR" on their radio goes down, and that's more or less the extent of their knowledge. And they think this is some huge high IQ accomplishment.
This is a message I've received on /pol/ after calling out hams on being appliance operators
>LOL! It’s obvious you’ve never sat down to operate a station. You wouldn’t know what to do to operate it. You couldn’t figure it out either without damaging the equipment either.
>Such larping this morning.

>Such larping this morning.
Indeed

>>1729245
So, just bought a Kenwood TS 520 for $260, I'll be making my own antenna, I know I need coax, I think I have a mic, do I need a SWR meter and an antenna tuner? Or should I be good to go?

>>1729686
You're great, you should test the finals by dead keying, at full power, for five minutes. No smoke, you're good to go.

>>1729704
The guy is saying no returns, isn't it in my best interest not to torture test it? What happens if it smokes? Find the thing that burned, replace it, and try again? Sounds un-ideal.

>>1729686
Friend, you've got a lot of learning to do. The other guy is pulling your leg - you're in for a long learning curve which the FCC tests won't prepare you for any longer.
Speaking of, would you happen to be licensed?

>>1729722
I figured something was up, I did run a quick search of dead keying, if I didn't have an antenna and weren't broadcasting, wouldn't all that power be dissappated internally? I'm not exactly an electronics noob, I've been building my own circuitry for quite a while, but haven't really delved into rx/tx other than with rc aircraft. I am familiar with concepts, but application is lacking at the moment.
I'll be getting licenced between now and the end of december, I don't forsee any hiccups. I'd like to go for technicians, which I'll be studying for as soon as finals are over.

>>1729740
Also just realized I'd probably be making everybody on the band VERY unhappy if I were deadkeying while broadcasting.

>>1729740
>Kenwood TS 520
>80-10 meters
>Technician
Anon, you've got a lot more work ahead of you.
Unless you know Morse code, a tech can only tx on only 10 meters in a whopping .2Mhz range, and 10 meters is a terrible band.
If you know anything about electronics like you say, a general license shouldn't be out of your reach and will set you up nicely for that radio.
I'm no familiar with marine applications, but that's enough into for you to get started. Don't key up until you know what you're doing, otherwise it'll be a $200 repair bill. Get an antenna tuner, make an antenna, and turn on the radio and listen.
It took me about 6 months to get from where you are to being able to fully understand and operate HF.

>>1729748
If I have a frequency generator and an amplifier and an oscilloscope, do I need an antenna tuner? I am planning on listening for far longer than broadcasting, which I thought I didn't need a license to do. I do intend to get the most encompassing license, but at least a technicians.

>>1729760
You're taking all that on a boat? You didn't think you'd need a license to broadcast?
You've got a good opportunity ahead of you - being on the Atlantic with a radio would be a lot of fun, but you've got a lot of learning and understanding ahead of you first. Can you find a local ham group to help?

>>1729642
Explain what was wrong with my explanation then, smartass.

>>1729748
He could still use the good bands by using morse code software. But cw is fun even if obsolete, so he might as well learn it.

>>1729642
And how come boomers like you only call me a LARPer when I'm shit talking hams and not when doing literally anything else? I didn't see anyone call me a LARPer when I was helping the boat guy earlier in the thread.

>>1729802
>call me a LARPer when I'm shit talking

>>1727077
this is more proof that ham is pure cringe and shouldnt be allowed on this board

>>1727180
you already made it to the internet now tell your boomer friend to join you. maybe you can build some boomer board on reddit. then we dont have to deal with you cringe threads here anymore

>>1727213
this

>>1727209
cringe

>>1727331
>>1727491
>>1727573
this is your average hamster faggot thread

>>1729776
You misunderstood, I am not leaving across the atlantic quite yet, the boat is still not ready. I'll be doing HF stuff on land prior to leaving, so I have plenty of time to just listen(which doesn't require a license) until I do get my license.

>>1727670
get out of here zoomzoom

>>1728014
gay

>>1727998
cringe

>>1728301
get out of here no one wants so kys

>>1729382
this. ham is such a boomer meme

>>1729914
> so I have plenty of time to just listen(which doesn't require a license) until I do get my license
this hobby is full of boomer cucks

>>1729929
That's my fetish
>>1729922
ESL?

>>1729901
And you're proof that the jannies need to start enforcing rule 2.

>>1729952
this thread is proof that the jannies need to enforce a ban for all boomers

>>1729795
>>1729802
because boomers dont understand the internet

>>1729722
>long learning curve whith the FCC tests
>Speaking of, would you happen to be licensed?
boomer cuck spotted

>>1729912
What would you rather talk about? If you want to talk about the internet then go to /g/, this is a DIY board. Have you even ever made any kind of equipment requiring a case?

>>1729988
And what generation do you think MADE the Internet in the first place?
Zoom zoom - kaboom.

>>1729462
>Also, forget about trying to have 6m as part of a multi-band HF antenna.
couldnt you use a 20m antenna for 6?

>>1730066
Funny how you have to write boom when using 'kaboom'. But this fits well, since you think the internet of today was made by boomers. Other people don't use the internet the 80's way like you are doing now. Its no surprise you boomer faggots have to make these hamster threads.

>>1729931
ECL

>>1729989
Sorry, I'll find a better hobby that's more intellectual and productive. Can you teach me how to play video games or be a furry?

>>1729608
Cool Video! Unless you catch the horrible disease called engineer and study EE, Transmission lines don't really seem to come up much. Arguably RF physics and radio operation are two different skills, and while a basic understanding of RF helps tremendously, I'm not sure it's absolutely necessary. You can operate a radio just fine with the IQ of a boot, and people do.
>>1729760
I'd honestly pick up a copy of the ARRL Handbook and start reading. Plenty of copies available online, or in a library near you if you want a hard copy. TS 520 is an old radio. And yes, you NEED an antenna tuner. When all is said and done expect the cost to be about the same as had you got an FT-450D or IC-718, but you live and learn.

>>1730169
Hams are supposed to advance the state of the art in radio technology.

>>1730201

>>1730227
Communication satellites aren't state of the art. They're 50 year old tecnology.
The only hams I've seen actually researching state of the art tech is those doing >30ghz microwave.

Guys I just made a bunch of antenna changes today. Wtf is going on at 160 meters? Is it a contest?

>>1730316
>contest?
Does your WTFTV® have no audio?

>>1730169
Wait, don't I just need a swr/watt meter and minimize my reflected power and swr?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pdOEiML2XGk

>>1728404

>>1730316
Wow
What did you do to your antenna?
What receiver is that?

>>1730316
Yes, theres a CW contest on 160m this week

>>1730587
Just 160m? I have super strong noise, basically any band lower than 40m is unusable.

>>1730346
The antenna tuner is so you don't blow up your radio. Modern radios will cut power or refuse to transmit with a bad SWR mismatch, but older gear has no such protections. If you have a resonant antenna for the band you're trying to operate on, you don't technically need one. No antenna system is perfect though, and if you want to operate on multiple bands you'll necessarily need some way of optimizing your transmitter for the antenna system.

Notice that video started with the IC-7300's ATU/Transmatch ON. Ever Eric isn't dumb enough to run without it, no matter what his clickbaity video claims. Wires can break, radials fail, etc. and if you're in the middle of transmitting; all that energy has to go *somewhere*, which often means back into the radio it came from. Older tube based gear IS slightly more mechanically robust to energy surges like that, but it's still not good for them.

tldr; Reflected power at the Antenna tuner won't hurt your radio, but reflected power at the radio potentially can. A tuner is cheaper to replace than your radio finals, or potentially expensive TX tube. Give this a read.
http://www.hamuniverse.com/wc7iswr.html
>>1730603
Try turning the attenuation ON and dialing back the RF gain. Having it all the way to the right means you're not just turning up the signal gain, but the gain of band noise as well. When you have this set correctly the AGC will mostly be kicking in on signals, and you'll notice weak signals 'rise' out of the noise floor. Here's a video of someone demonstrating this:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1sX0VsINGu8
RF Noise is something we sadly have to live with, if it's truly bad you might need a phase canceling system.

Experimental graphics mode.
Wrong sideband?

>>1730704
If the cable or the antenna breaks, the backwards propagating energy probably won't be stopped by the tuner, it will be absorbed by the radio, because you would have to re-tune it for the tuner to do its job.

>>1730713
Looks like some kind of Hell transmission.

>>1730704
>what destroys the radio is that the amp is de-tuned and subsequently draws excessive current and not the reflected wave
I don't think that's true. If that was the case, then it would be easy to save them by current-limiting the power supply to the finals, say, by using a fuse. Furthermore, I don't think modern solid state rigs even have a tuned final stage. I think it's just the primary of the transformer on the collector and the secondary connected to the antenna socket through a TX/RW switch relay (when there's not an ATU installed).

>>1730739
>Probably won't be stopped
So? It will probably will be reduced, and probably in enough time for the radio to fold back power/stop TX and prevent any serious damage.
>>1730753
While the link I gave admittedly uses old terminology, the fact is you'd be feeding a voltage back into the final drive transistors of the radio; something they're not designed for beyond a certain tolerance. No tuner or High-SWR detection circuitry means that energy gets dissipated into the diode junctions, both as heat and reverse voltage- something they're generally not designed for. In a tube radio, usually you have a pi network of some sort in the finals sections which can act as a pseudo-tuner,
> Modern Radios don't have tuned finals
This is correct, many substituted it with SWR protection circuitry. Most will refuse to transmit or only at a very low power, should SWR be >3:1.
Once you know what you're doing, you don't absolutely *need* a tuner; but given the limited skill level of the individual who was buying the TS-520 (No license yet, first tube radio, limited in person help, never done this before, etc.); i'd say they absolutely need one to prevent from damaging their gear. If they decide to set up a 40 meter dipole on their boat and tune it for a single band, sure they wouldn't need one; but without knowing more about what their plans are; i'd feel pretty safe suggesting they acquire one.

>>1730760
With or without tuner, you don't want to be broadcasting at a high wattage with a high SWR knowing that everything is going to be reflected back, or that your signal isn't going to be going out in the first place. So, you begin TX at low wattage, check SWR, modify your antenna to get SWR to an acceptable level, then bob's your uncle. I am looking at making my own antenna tuner, I think I have the right variable capacitors for it. Doesn't seem to be too hard from what I'm reading online.

bought a fancy new 1440p monitor, and when its on it seems to be doing some kind of transmission on 11m, and somewhere around 333.000mhz.
dont really care about either band, but im guessing its doing it other places as well. should i try some ferrite beads? or just return it?
most of my shack is still packed in boxes from the move, so i cant do much more testing yet.
thanks

>>1730760
>While the link I gave admittedly uses old terminology, the fact is you'd be feeding a voltage back into the final drive transistors of the radio; something they're not designed for beyond a certain tolerance.
But it's not just a difference in terminology. The part at the end of the article specifically says what we are saying happens (backwards wave dissipated on the transistors) is NOT what kills the radio.

>>1730764
Clamp-on ferrites are placebo.

>>1730767
they havent helped me much in the past.
just a bit disappointing, ive always just gotten monitors from the dump, and ive never had a problem. really dont want to get rid of it.
its literally interfering on the only cb channel i monitor (emergency)
i havent gotten my hf rig out to check out anymore bands, but im guessing its out there

>>1730770
Just wrap the monitor in the appropriate wire mesh size. That frequency should be blocked by a kitchen strainer.

>>1730743
It's normal SSB with a special audio pattern, mirrored in this case.

>>1730785
So is PSK-31. How do you think sound card interfaces work?

>>1730787
They do not produce visible graphic symbols in that context.
Listen to it when you see it and understand.

>>1730802
Slow Hell does.
https://qrp-labs.com/ultimate3/u3info/u3hell.html

>>1730762
Manual antenna tuners aren't so bad to make, the real challenge is sourcing the variable inductors. You're totally right though- tune at low power before applying full output is standard procedure.
>>1730766
Near the bottom of said article:
> Transistor rigs usually do not have any tuning adjustments. To avoid the extra heat created when running a de-tuned amplifier, there is a protection circuit that will significantly reduce the output power if the SWR is high.

If the antenna system isn't resonant at the RF frequency desired, the energy HAS to go somewhere. It will do anything it can to find the lowest potential point. Some radiates into space at poor efficiency, the remainder of the wave sees the transmission line as being effectively a short, and is reflected 180 degrees out of phase back through the antenna and feedline. This can cause a steadily ramping voltage on said transmission line, which eventually puts the final drive transistors into avalanche breakdown- something they're not designed for, and damage occurs. In tube based radios, high SWR can mean high voltage in places you don't want it to be; and you end up with stray RF in places it shouldn't be- the chassis, nearby metal objects, etc.
It's possible other L and C elements in the radio dissipate the energy as well, again not being designed to take induced back voltages, bad things happen.
>>1730764
Need to find the source of the problem first. Is it the power supply, or coming directly from the monitor? Any ground loops present? Clamp on ferrites with the cord going through them multiple times is a good start; but if it's coming from inside the monitor, you might need either electrical isolation and/or extra shielding.
>>1730767
If only you knew how many RFI/EMI problems I've solved with ferrite beads. Too many ferrites is a another fun one, you can literally take the edge off of a square wave.

>>1730824
>Need to find the source of the problem first
i used the same power cord as before, theyre the same. im pretty sure its the monitor, so im not sure how to deal with that. ill have to look into it more. i would return it, but im sure ill have to deal with the same thing using another monitor

>>1730603
Yes, it was the ARRL 160 meters CW contest. It just ended like an hour ago so I bet those signals are mostly gone now.

As for your general noise below 40M, welcome to anywhere around municipal power grids. We all have that unless we operate portable from battery power away from powerlines and RFI inducing electronics.

>>1730713
>Wrong sideband?
Yes. CQ DO3EF flipped.

you don't need a balun if all you are doing is listening. every time I put a balun on my long wire (receive only) reception went to crap. straight in to my receiver works best.

>>1730824
>If the antenna system isn't resonant at the RF frequency desired, the energy HAS to go somewhere. It will do anything it can to find the lowest potential point. Some radiates into space at poor efficiency, the remainder of the wave sees the transmission line as being effectively a short, and is reflected 180 degrees out of phase back through the antenna and feedline. This can cause a steadily ramping voltage on said transmission line, which eventually puts the final drive transistors into avalanche breakdown- something they're not designed for, and damage occurs. In tube based radios, high SWR can mean high voltage in places you don't want it to be; and you end up with stray RF in places it shouldn't be- the chassis, nearby metal objects, etc.
>It's possible other L and C elements in the radio dissipate the energy as well, again not being designed to take induced back voltages, bad things happen.
The article you linked to seems to disagree. What you are describing is reflected power killing the final switching elements (whether tubes or transistors, and whether by excessive C-E voltage or excessive C-E current when the transistor is switched on).
>Because that can happen, but it is not due to the reflected power!
And also there's
>De-tuned final amplifiers draw far too much current and can burn up.
That seems to imply not that it would be drawing too much current from the reflected wave on the RF output (it isn't supposed to draw any current from there, it's supposed to draw current into there), but that it will be drawing too much current from the PSU.

>>1730939
I've gotten RF burns from high SWR before. It's definitely not a harmless condition for an antenna system to be in.
> De-tuned final amplifiers draw far too much current and can burn up.
The author has to be talking about tube based gear in that sentence; because no FET is going to magically be able to draw more current than what you're putting into it. The current magically makes it's way back across two junctions? lolwut?
I think this is one of those "technically correct" issues- the actual SWR isn't what can kill a radio; but the effects of the high SWR are. What I described is pretty basic transmission line physics, so... ? I almost feel a need to now prove this to myself, so I'll dig into the math a bit and report back next thread.
>>1730845
Try using an old AM radio and seeing if it comes more from the monitor or PSU. Not much you can do if it's the monitor. Switching circuitry is a common source of noise.

>>1730971
>The author has to be talking about tube based gear in that sentence; because no FET is going to magically be able to draw more current than what you're putting into it. The current magically makes it's way back across two junctions? lolwut?

It's not about drawing it's all about dissipation. High SWR condition means most power is reflected back to the amplifier and that results in either very high current (low impedance load) or very high voltage (high impedance load). Both conditions are harmful as either of options means dissipated power (plate, collector, drain) is much higher comparing to low SWR conditions.

Tubes are more robust and generally can withstand that (but not for long). Solid state amplifier (most of them) come with sophisticated protection systems, if anything the drive level is reduced to keep the finals alive.

>>1730971
>RF burns
that's how you learn

>>1727180
are you for real m8? you could talk to each other from ground level

Hey famoids, my UV-5R just arrived in the mail, hopped on CHIRP, programmed in the marine VHF frequencies and.... RIP. Problem encountered while trying to use the automated VHF check near to me, I was able to establish reception from a weather station 10mi away, but can't get a signal from the automated check which is just under 9mi away. I'm guessing not being on the water is the main problem, right?

>>1730570
No one huh?

>>1732439
I haven't tried it but I did look it up. The design seems OK, not sure what issues you see here.

>>1732422
Could be line of sight. Did you try moving around?

I just got a sdr digital modes setup and that's pretty cool! I can finally 'hear' all over the world!
I have a '70's solid state transceiver (due to budget), and would like to make that work on digital modes.
Could I take a cable from the radio headphones, put that into the PC microphone jack, run it through the software, then transmit from the speaker output to the CW jack?

>>1732513
It's WAY too far to be in my line of sight, its about a 20+ minute drive away. I did leave the radio on overnight, there was minimal power drain, and I was able to hear a couple people on channel 16.

>>1732764
Hnng. I could get my DXCC in a day!!

>>1732764
What digital modes are we talking? A lot are SSB rather than CW.

>>1732800
I'm not picky. What I've found so far is FT8, which in Cubic# I have set to CW - it's a very narrow bandwidth.
I'd be over the moon to just get up and running with that.

>>1732800
I found a 6.5mm to 3.5mm jack and am able to pick up signals set on CW.
So my thinking is all I need is the same wire from PC to CW jack and I'm golden.

>>1725994
Just bought my first radio, a Beofeng UV-5R. AMA

>>1732916
What's it like sucking multiple cocks a day?

>>1732919
I get acid reflux a lot

>>1732921

>>1732512
Well, how about lack of AGC?
I also wonder if the crystals are matched. If they aren't you are getting fucked up crystal filter.

>>1733025
>Well, how about lack of AGC?
It only costs $15 to add. The uBITX is fine, v5 took care of most concerns regarding harmonics but at the end of the day it's a cheap, DIY, QRP kit designed for tinkering.

>>1732814
You need to go from PC to the mic input if you want to transmit FT8. It's not CW.

>>1733058
Therefore I'd need something like pic related despite that I'm listening to FT8 in CW mode here?

>>1733072
Yes you're listening via SDR in CW mode, all that does is set a very narrow filter. On your actual transceiver the CW jack is just an on-off switch which is no use. So yes you need a cable like that and you need to transmit in SSB mode.

>>1733075
Correct, CW in SDR, but when I switch to the transceiver, the same holds true
>>1732814
If I'm in CW mode, I get Cuba, Russia, and New Zealand.
If I switch to LSB, I get nobody.
So what I am understanding from you is that the CW jack can only do dauds and dits? Therefore I'd need the mic input and set the radio to the CW switch?

>>1733077
>LSB
Try USB.
>So what I am understanding from you is that the CW jack can only do dauds and dits?
Yes.
>Therefore I'd need the mic input and set the radio to the CW switch?
No, you need the mic input and to set the radio to sideband.

>>1733077
Also is your clock synced? False decodes are a very real thing.

>>1733083
I appreciate it, I'm able to decode on USB.
When I finally get up and running, would you suggest running all 100 watts? I'm reading hit or miss reports about old, solid state transceivers being able to handle that with digital modes.

>>1733077
CW filters tend to be 500Hz. FT8 covers a 3KHz range. You're ignoring most of the spectrum.

>>1733088
>When I finally get up and running, would you suggest running all 100 watts

Definitely don't do that. It's a weak signal mode, turn your power all the way down, call, increase power as needed.

>>1733085
You guys are too smart for me, this is a very humbling yet exciting hobby.
>>1733089
>>1733090
Thank you both.

>>1733091
What model is your transceiver? There's probably a digi mode interface for it. You also might want to get a cheap USB (port) soundcard for working digital so that you don't transmit any sounds from Windows.

>>1733093
FT-101
I don't mind not being able to do anything else on the computer - I have my phone so I could listen to podcasts or something.

>>1733094
>FT-101
You should be good to use a mic cable and the vox setting to transmit then. Best spending $5 on audio isolator just to be safe.

>>1733094
You can always whistle CW into the microphone.

>>1733056
$139 + $15 = $154, it's not that cheap. I guess one can go to ebay and grab some kind of an old rig to play with for the same amount of money.

>>1733131
>QRP
There's not much that really competes against it. You could spend $250 on a chink Xiegu rig but there's not a great amount of support out there for them. If you're broke and you want an HF transceiver on the cheap (<$100), get an Indoware 6.1 kit but you'll need an LCR meter, a sig gen and a decent scope to build it.

Hol up.
I could do digital with my BauFag?

Why don’t they kill the niggers on the CB channel 6? Nothing like scanning through channels and hearing some screaming African faggot

>>1733214
Sure, with the right interface cable and a PC. Thats for digital text/packet modes mind you, like PSK.

You cannot do digital voice like DMR or YSF with a baofeng not equipped to do so. Those modes require a vocoder for the protocol, which is hardware based.

>>1733135
>6.1 kit
0dBm transmitter

>>1733224
why dont YOU?

>>1733350
The one who "designed" this has no clue on impedance matching. Look at this shit. The 50 ohm band pass filters are loaded with high BF998 impedance. As well as the crystal filter. The thing is you have to load the crystal filter correctly or you will get extreme ripple in the pass band. The NE612 output is simply connected to 50 ohm input.
The LO output is amplified and then fed to NE612 mixers. And the mixers are likely overdriven, you don't want there anything stronger than 100-200 mv p-p. Also the balanced inputs are used as single ended ones, the designed should have grounded the unused input using a cap.

Just breaking down your doors for a quick question hams im looking for a cheap bandpass filter for fm and i came across this one pic related it is advertised as

FM BPF RF Band Pass Filter with SMA Female Connector Plated with Nickel or Gold

but as you see on the image it says lpf for low pass filter

am i being china'ed or am i retarded or maybe both

NEW THREAD
>>1733454
>>1733454
>>1733454

>>1733440
>but as you see on the image it says lpf for low pass filter
>am i being china'ed or am i retarded or maybe both

Well if the filter is labelled as "LPF" and "DC-FM" then guess what? It's 99% not a bandpass filter. It's just LPF filter. The main question is: how do you need FM bandpass filter? Most often HAM's use FM band reject or something like HPF or LPF to filter out the FM stations.