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Cryptochromes (CRY1 and CRY2) in humans are proteins, and their proper functioning relies on various nutrients and cofactors obtained from the diet. These nutrients play essential roles in supporting the mechanisms involved in the synthesis, stability, and function of cryptochromes. Here are some key nutrients and cofactors involved:

1. **Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin):** Cryptochromes contain flavin chromophores, which are derived from the essential nutrient vitamin B2 (riboflavin). Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and flavin mononucleotide (FMN) are two common flavin chromophores found in cryptochromes. Vitamin B2 is required for the synthesis of these flavin cofactors.

2. **Protein Building Blocks (Amino Acids):** Like all proteins, cryptochromes are composed of amino acids. Adequate dietary protein intake is essential for providing the building blocks necessary for the synthesis of cryptochrome proteins.

3. **Micronutrients (Minerals):** Several minerals are involved in supporting protein synthesis and stability. These include zinc, copper, iron, and magnesium, among others. Adequate intake of these micronutrients from the diet is important for proper cryptochrome function.

4. **Nutrients for Gene Expression Regulation:** Cryptochrome expression is regulated by specific genes and transcription factors. Nutrients like vitamin A (retinoic acid), vitamin D, and certain polyphenols may influence the expression and activity of genes related to circadian rhythms and cryptochrome production.

5. **Cofactors for Enzymatic Reactions:** Various enzymatic reactions are involved in the post-translational modifications and function of cryptochromes. Cofactors like NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and ATP (adenosine triphosphate) are essential for these reactions to occur.

6. **Omega-3 Fatty Acids:** Some studies suggest that omega-3 fatty acids, found in certain fish and plant sources, may influence circadian rhythms and modulate cryptochrome expression and function.